![]() In contrast, earthquakes initiate landslides by altering gravitational forces on slopes, which surpass the critical stability threshold. In general, rainfall drives water pressure within a slope to a critical level, significantly reducing the shear resistance of slope materials. The mobility of rainfall and earthquake-induced landslides may differ because of the diverse triggering mechanisms, leading to a dissimilar soil-water contents during landslide initiation. These conditions might be associated with water accumulation from previous rainfall events and the water-holding capability on pumice layers. Our findings indicate that such earthquake-induced landslides can be as mobile as those induced by rainfall, depending on the initial water content of the pumice layers. Because a low value of specific gravity indicates a low strength of soil, grain crushing may occur on the pumice layer, causing water from the internal voids to discharge and fluidize the transported landslide mass. Our flume experiments using various saturation levels (0–1) confirmed the influence of this inner-particle water absorption on pumice mobility. These voids allowed pumice to absorb a substantial amount of water (95–143%), about 9–15 times higher than other coarse-grained soils. Laboratory tests confirmed the unique low specific gravity of the pumice (1.29–1.33), indicating numerous voids within pumice particles. Four pumice samples were collected from landslides induced by the 2018 Eastern Iburi earthquake, Hokkaido, Japan. A flume apparatus constructed at a 1:300 scale was used to examine the mobility of landslides with pumice. Previous studies mentioned enhanced mobility of earthquake-induced landslides in volcanic deposits compared to those from other geologic/soil settings. Risk of landslide hazards strongly depends on how far landslide sediment travels, known as landslide mobility. ![]()
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